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==Events== * 314 – Pope Sylvester I succeeds Pope Miltiades. *1504 – France cedes Naples to Aragon. *1578 – The Battle of Gembloux takes place. *1606 – Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes is executed for plotting against Parliament and King James. *1747 – The first venereal diseases clinic opens at London Lock Hospital. *1801 – John Marshall is appointed the Chief Justice of the United States. *1814 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas becomes Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (present-day Argentina). *1846 – After the Milwaukee Bridge War, Juneautown and Kilbourntown unify as the City of Milwaukee. *1848 – John C. Frémont is court-martialed for mutiny and disobeying orders. *1849 – Corn Laws are abolished in the United Kingdom pursuant to legislation in 1846. *1862 – Alvan Graham Clark discovers the white dwarf star Sirius B, a companion of Sirius, through an telescope now located at Northwestern University. *1865 – American Civil War: The United States Congress passes the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, abolishing slavery and submits it to the states for ratification. * 1865 – American Civil War: Confederate General Robert E. Lee becomes general-in-chief. *1867 – Maronite nationalist leader Youssef Bey Karam leaves Lebanon on board a French ship bound for Algeria. *1897 – Czechoslav Trade Union Association is founded in Prague. *1891 – History of Portugal: The first attempt at a Portuguese republican revolution breaks out in the northern city of Porto. *1900 – Datu Muhammad Salleh is assassinated in Kampung Teboh, Tambunan, ending the Mat Salleh Rebellion. *1915 – World War I: Germany is the first to make large-scale use of poison gas in warfare in the Battle of Bolimów against Russia. *1917 – World War I: Germany announces that its U-boats will resume unrestricted submarine warfare after a two-year hiatus. *1918 – A series of accidental collisions on a misty Scottish night leads to the loss of two Royal Navy submarines with over a hundred lives, and damage to another five British warships. *1919 – The Battle of George Square takes place in Glasgow, Scotland. *1929 – The Soviet Union exiles Leon Trotsky. *1930 – 3M begins marketing Scotch Tape. *1942 – World War II: Allied forces are defeated by the Japanese at the Battle of Malaya and retreat to the island of Singapore. *1943 – World War II: German Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus surrenders to the Soviets at Stalingrad, followed 2 days later by the remainder of his Sixth Army, ending one of the war's fiercest battles. *1944 – World War II: American forces land on Kwajalein Atoll and other islands in the Japanese-held Marshall Islands. * 1944 – World War II: During the Anzio campaign the 1st Ranger Battalion (Darby's Rangers) is destroyed behind enemy lines in a heavily outnumbered encounter at Battle of Cisterna, Italy. *1945 – US Army private Eddie Slovik is executed for desertion, the first such execution of an American soldier since the Civil War. * 1945 – World War II: About 3,000 inmates from the Stutthof concentration camp are forcibly marched into the Baltic Sea at Palmnicken (now Yantarny, Russia) and executed. * 1945 – World War II: The end of fighting in the Battle of Hill 170 during the Burma Campaign, in which the British 3 Commando Brigade repulsed a Japanese counterattack on their positions and precipitated a general retirement from the Arakan Peninsula. *1946 – Yugoslavia's new constitution, modeling that of the Soviet Union, establishes six constituent republics (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia). * 1946 – The Democratic Republic of Vietnam introduces the đồng to replace the French Indochinese piastre at par. *1949 – ''These Are My Children'', the first television daytime soap opera is broadcast by the NBC station in Chicago. *1950 – United States President Harry S. Truman announces a program to develop the hydrogen bomb. *1953 – A North Sea flood causes over 1,800 deaths in the Netherlands and over 300 in the United Kingdom *1957 – Eight people on the ground in Pacoima, California are killed following the mid-air collision between a Douglas DC-7 airliner and a Northrop F-89 Scorpion fighter jet. *1958 – Explorer program: ''Explorer 1'': The first successful launch of an American satellite into orbit. * 1958 – James Van Allen discovers the Van Allen radiation belt. *1961 – Project Mercury: Mercury-Redstone 2: Ham the Chimp travels into outer space. *1966 – The Soviet Union launches the unmanned Luna 9 spacecraft as part of the Luna program. *1968 – Vietnam War: Viet Cong attack the United States embassy in Saigon, and other attacks, in the early morning hours, later grouped together as the Tet Offensive. * 1968 – Nauru gains independence from Australia. *1971 – Apollo program: Apollo 14: Astronauts Alan Shepard, Stuart Roosa, and Edgar Mitchell, aboard a Saturn V, lift off for a mission to the Fra Mauro Highlands on the Moon. * 1971 – The Winter Soldier Investigation, organized by the Vietnam Veterans Against the War to publicize war crimes and atrocities by Americans and allies in Vietnam, begins in Detroit. *1990 – The first McDonald's in the Soviet Union opens in Moscow. *1995 – President Bill Clinton authorizes a $20 billion loan to Mexico to stabilize its economy. *1996 – An explosives-filled truck rams into the gates of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka in Colombo, Sri Lanka killing at least 86 and injuring 1,400. * 1996 – Comet Hyakutake is discovered by Japanese amateur astronomer Yuji Hyakutake. *2000 – Alaska Airlines Flight 261 crash: An MD-83, experiencing horizontal stabilizer problems, crashes in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Point Mugu, California, killing all 88 aboard. *2001 – In the Netherlands, a Scottish court convicts Libyan Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and acquits another Libyan citizen for their part in the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988. *2003 – The Waterfall rail accident occurs near Waterfall, New South Wales, Australia. *2007 – Suspects are arrested in Birmingham in the UK, accused of plotting the kidnap, holding and eventual beheading of a serving Muslim British soldier in Iraq. *2009 – In Kenya, at least 113 people are killed and over 200 injured following an oil spillage ignition in Molo, days after a massive fire at a Nakumatt supermarket in Nairobi killed at least 25 people. *2010 – ''Avatar'' becomes the first film to gross over $2 billion worldwide. *2011 – A winter storm hits North America for the second time in the same month, causing $1.8 billion in damage across the United States and Canada and killing 24 people. *2013 – An explosion at the Pemex Executive Tower in Mexico City kills at least 33 people and injures more than 100. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「January 31」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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